The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, is about a troubled young man named Holden Caulfield. Holden searches his teenage life, struggling to find answers to his questions about himself and his identity. No matter where Holden goes, in his opinion he is surrounded by phonies. They appear to be everywhere Holden is: his school, the hotel, the theatre, and all over the streets of New York. The story is told from Holden’s point of view, as he endeavours to put together the pieces of the puzzle that he calls his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden Caulfield, the main character in the novel, is an immature teenager. Holden is sixteen years old, six feet two inches tall, with a crew cut and prematurely greying hair. His story begins as he is kicked out of prep school, and takes off to New York. Holden's thoughts and ideas reveal many of his character traits. One late Saturday night, four days before the beginning of school vacation, Holden decides to leave Pencey, his school, at once and travels to New York by train. Once in New York, he decides that he will stay in a cheap motel until Wednesday, when he is to return home. His plan shows how very impetuous he is and how he acts on a whim. He is unrealistic, thinking that he has a foolproof plan, even though the extent of his plans are to â€Å"take a room in a hotel...and just take it easy till Wednesday.† This course of action proves Holden’s recklessness and immaturity very early on in the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another considerably minor (and yet still imperative) addition to the novel is Phoebe Caulfield. Holden’s younger sister is his main supporter. She sticks with him no matter what, but she also, however, is not afraid to scold Holden for his errors. Although Phoebe is merely a young child, she understands Holden, sometimes more than he does. â€Å"Old Phoebe didn’t say anything, but she was listening.... she always listens when you tell her something. And the funny part is she knows, half the time, what the hell you’re talking about. She really does.† (167) Phoebe is an instant reminder of delight to Holden, and every decision he makes revolves somehow around the sister he loves so much.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Holden Caulfield, at first, appears to be having a conflict with society, but, upon closer examination, we see that he is truly only at war with himself.

Global Ethical Position Of Bp Commerce Essay

In a 2006 interview with ProPublica after the Prudhoe Bay spill, published in Fortune BPs main executive of American operations, Robert Malone, said â€Å" There is no uncertainty in my head, what happened may non hold broken the jurisprudence but it broke our values. Corporate societal duty is merely a responsibility of attention which an administration owes to its stakeholders and the environment in which it operates. Hodgetts et at ( 2006, p65 ) states that: â€Å" Corporate societal duty ( CSR ) can be defined as the actions of a house to profit society beyond the demands of the jurisprudence and the direct involvements of the house. Pressure for greater attending to CSR has emanated from a scope of stakeholders, including civil society ( the wide societal involvements in a given part or state ) and from nongovernmental administrations ( NGOs ) . These groups have urged MNCs to be more antiphonal to the scope of societal demands in developing states, including turn toing concerns about working conditions in mills or service centres and go toing to the environmental impacts of their activities. † Harmonizing to Stewart Broome the Director of Business Ethical motives at BP, BP operate under planetary criterions through its usage of advanced engineering, safe working conditions and operational procedures, safer operational patterns for the protection of the environment in conformity with planetary ethical criterions. However, contrary to BP ‘s ethical place the undermentioned incidents have occurred within the last five old ages which resulted in the loss of lives, devastation of the environment, and marine life.Lustgarten ( 2010 ) reported that:A BP ‘s refinery explored in Texas, March 2005 this resulted in the decease of 15 workers and the hurt of 170 others. Probes determined that BP ignored its ain protocols in the operation of the tower and that the company ‘s warning system was besides disabled. BP accordingly pleaded guilty to federal felony charges and was fined more that $ 50 million by the US Environmental Protection Agency. One twelvemonth subsequently 4,800 barrels of oil leaked into the Alaskan snow through a hole in the company ‘s grapevine at Prudhoe Bay. It was reported by Fortune that BP failed to look into the grapevine in 2002 even though they had been cautioned to look into the grapevine in 2002, they failed to make so. As a consequence a $ 12 million mulct was imposed on BP for a misdemeanor misdemeanor of the federal Water Pollution Control Act. It was subsequently determined by a Congress commission, that BP had ignored chances to forestall the spill and that â€Å" Draconian † cost-saving steps had led to short cuts in its operational projects. BP ‘s most recent incident, on the 20 April 2010 what was confirmed sealed on 19 September 2010 resulted in the decease of 11 individuals. Though the company has investigated the possible causes of the oil spill on the Gulf of Mexico given its path record in the yesteryear there is a deficiency of warrant that such calamities would non go on once more. The households of the workers who died have filed cases impeaching BP of carelessness. Reviewing BP ‘s operations it appears that BP should revisit its planetary ethical place as it relates to the safety of its work force and the environment. It seems that the proper steps and strategic execution of procedures are non being adhered excessively. BP should take the necessary stairss to guarantee the proper care of rigs, regular wellness and safety preparation of staff, proper care of works and equipment to forestall incidents and accidents.The deductions of their trade name and sellingThe universe over the past 20 old ages or so hold become more environmentally painstaking and caring towards prolonging, continuing and keeping the environment. The BP trade name has been affiliated with saving of the environment. BP.Com stated: â€Å" The systems, criterions and engineerings we apply to minimise our environmental footmark. † In giving its operations to responsible planetary leading the company was able to better its repute and increase its bottom line. As a consequence, BP ‘s fiscal position has been sound as stated by Dailyfinance ( 2010 ) stated: â€Å" Due to higher oil monetary values, BP ‘s first one-fourth 2010 net incomes were $ 6.08 billion compared to $ 2.56 billion in the first one-fourth of 2009. † The BP trade name captured a big portion of the mark market this was a contemplation of the company ‘s success. For 16 back-to-back old ages BP individuality as Amoco was rated the best crude oil trade name by consumers and they besides enjoyed one of the three highest trade name trueness reputes for gasoline in the US this was comparable merely to Chevron and Shell. However, the BP trade name is now perceived as socially and environmentally uncommitted to the planetary environment in which they operate and as a consequence there will be â€Å" fall-out † from the BP trade name and its merchandises. John Kleine executive manager of the BP Amoco Marketers Association ( 2010 ) stated: â€Å" Some BP gas station proprietors in the United States want to drop the BP name and return to the Amoco trade name to retrieve concern hit by public choler over the Gulf of Mexico oil spill catastrophe. The worst seaward oil spill in U.S. history fouled beaches from Texas to Florida, lay waste toing the Gulf seashore fishing and touristry industries. Some environmental groups called for a boycott of BP gas Stationss. † Due the negative impact of that the company ‘s operations has on the environment they are traveling to be individual who would reject the BP trade name. Kleine ( 2010 ) stated: â€Å" The BP spill has had a psychological impact on distributers. He described it as a clip of crisis and triageaˆÂ ¦.That truly comes from being concerned about their concern, their support, their investing, seeing every twenty-four hours the intelligence that would be given to do you believe that the concern is traveling to worsen. † Johansson ( 2006, p11 ) stated that in planetary selling it is indispensable that selling activities are coordinated and integrated across geographical lodgers. Merchandises are standardize, packaging of merchandises are uniformed with indistinguishable stigmatization in a figure of states. JOHANSSON ( 2006, p15 ) states that: â€Å" Global trade names are trade names that are available, good cognize, and extremely regarded throughout the universe ‘s market. Examples include Swatch, Mercedes, Nestle, Coca-Cola, Nike, Mc Donald ‘s, Sony and Honda. † BP can be compared to the instance of planetary company Nike and the allegations of child labor, insecure working conditions and inhumane conditions of work. Though Nike ne'er admitted straight to any incorrect making they did nevertheless, raise the minimal hiring age from 16 to 18 old ages, improved the conditions of work and the company even created a place of a frailty president for corporate and societal duty. The universe may mostly comprehend BP as an irresponsible company non presently taking caring for the environment, its workers and the planetary community at big. BP ‘s company image as it relates to the environment, Marine and wildlife is tainted due to the figure and badness of oil spills, particularly given the length of clip about five months ( September 2010 ) which it took for the well to be sealed. The public appears to hold lost trust and religion in BP ‘s ability to carry on its operations in a mode which is safe for their workers and the environment in which it operates. Non-governmental groups would clamor for stricter control and harsher punishments for companies through their operations. The fishing industry, mostly little concerns, along the seashore expressed concerns that they may be taken for â€Å" a drive † due to BP ‘s hold in covering with their claims for losingss, after what has been considered the worst natural catastrophe in recent times. There is the urgency for stricter statute law by authoritiess which would guarantee that companies that operate in their state follow wellness and safety policies harmonizing to the Occupational Health Safety Act. Failure by any company to implement safer working conditions and operations can merely weaken the company ‘s image and present a menace to the endurance of the company. Persons would seek alternate merchandises and services from other companies which in its production and fabrication phases are non harmful but safer to the environment. PERREAULT ( 2005, p256-257 ) stated that: â€Å" Brand rejection means that possible clients wo n't purchase a trade name unless its image is changed. Rejection may propose a alteration in the merchandise or possibly merely a displacement to aim clients who have a better image of the trade name. Get the better ofing a negative image is hard and can be really expensive. † Global clients dissatisfied with trade name image can ensue in consumers globally rejecting the trade name which would finally impact BP ‘s net incomes.What planetary selling scheme should they follow now?In reappraisal BP has a â€Å" up- hill † conflict to reconstruct its bruised repute through its acceptance of an international civilization of safety for their workers and the environment. Fredrx, ( 2010 ) argues that: â€Å" BP may hold plugged the leak in the Gulf Oil spill, but the harm done to its trade name will take old ages to repair. A new selling industry study released Wednesday shows the British oil company has tumbled off a list of the universe ‘s top 100 trade names. † It is extremely recommended that BP strengthen its trade name unity through corporate societal duty and planetary ethical behaviour, which would pull clients one time once more to the BP trade name. By signaling to its stakeholders it is committed to run intoing its moral duties and outlooks beyond what they are required to make by statute law leting for the buy-in to the BP trade name. It is indispensable at this clip the BP re-strategize its operations to ‘regain ‘ its image of an environmentally friendly â€Å" green † crude oil company. Therefore, it would be prudent for BP to reconstitute the company and its direction construction. Freeman et at ( 2007, 6 ) stated that: ( painstaking trade names, †¦ intend trade names that see socially responsible behavior as an built-in portion of what they do, instead than as an attention deficit disorder on. †¦ .conscientious trade name proprietors are human-centric and transparent, focused on making positive alteration in the universe ( non merely on understating the negatives ) and cognizant of the demands of all stakeholders. † To retrieve rapidly it is of important importance that BP focuses its resources and attending on issues of safety. The assignment of Mr Robert Riley to the place of Head of Safety and Operational Risk, Competency and Capability Development was as a direct consequence of his 10 twelvemonth reign at the caput of BP Trinidad without incidents and accidents. The company wants to further a civilization on nothing accidents in their planetary operations. Paul, ( 2010 ) stated that: â€Å" In this new function Riley will describe to Bly and will take BP ‘s worldwide attempts to develop industry taking quality and rigour into BP ‘s operations, peculiarly as it relates to safety and operational hazard. aˆÂ ¦As a effect of the spill BP established a new Safety and Operation Risk unit to let functionaries to step in in all of BP ‘s proficient activities. † This move was necessary to cover with the concerns from the planetary environment sing the issues of safety in BP ‘s operations which resulted in the oil spill of April 2010. Their purpose is to standardize BP ‘s planetary safety and operational unity to a degree which would extinguish accidents and incidents go forthing negative impacts on the environment. Mr Riley was hence given this assignment to assist reconstruct the image and repute of BP as an environmentally caring company, since Mr Riley while he take BPTT had zero incidents. Johansson ( 2006, p537 ) stated: â€Å" Global public dealingss is a signifier of indirect publicity of merchandises and services that focuses on making good will towards the corporation as a whole. The corporate communications staff at central offices and its opposite number in the assorted host states serve as boosters of the corporation to assorted stakeholders interested in the company ‘s foreign enlargement † It is of import that rigorous policies on the Occupational Health and Safety Act are decently implemented and enforced. The Company ‘s image has to alter reflecting that they are an environmentally painstaking company. Therefore this is an effort by BP to reconstruct its trade name and image. Their image has to alter to one which is socially, ethically and environmentally witting. The spill of April 2010 has surely impacted negatively on BP ‘s image as a â€Å" green † company. It is of import that they return to the company ‘s vision and develop and implement schemes which would enable the company to cover with its image and trade name rebuilding. â€Å" The 1000000s of gallons of oil that have spilled into the Gulf of Mexico are more like an epidemic, one that we will be contending for months and even years.A But do no error: A We will contend this spill with everything we ‘ve got for every bit long as it takes.A We will do BP wage for the harm their company has caused.A And we will make whatever ‘s necessary to assist the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this calamity. † In the wake of the spill it would be advisable to BP to redrand its advancing the â€Å" new † company as a more human-centric and environmental painstaking company. BP would besides be advised to work with its stakeholders to guarantee such a catastrophe ne'er happensAFour possible ethical stance BP can followResearching Corporate Strategy, Seventh Edition A © Pearson Education Ltd 2005Word count: -2049

How And Authority In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant

Our life of various kinds of decisions. Now then, how many times a man faces a difficult situation where he should make a momentous decision? Many times and, unfortunately, sometimes people are forced to do some things that they do not want to do. So, in the essay Shooting an Elephant George Orwell describes on his personal experience how and authority influences people to sacrifice their own principles. I believe that all people need in a harmony with oneself and not bend before others to try to satisfy other peoples needs. Firstly, when I read Orwells work I was really shocked, my feelings were vague like my mind was in a haze. The writer tells about his life back in Burma as a police officer. I felt the struggle because of†¦show more content†¦It was even dangerous for Orwell himself, he was just worried about what he should do not to lose his face in front of people who would laugh at him later. This essay opened my eyes to the peoples obsession with public opinion. People become so pressed that they start satisfy needs of others instead of doing what they really want to do. I remember my high school years very clear and right now I understand that at some points I have experienced this obsession and pressure. When I went to my high school, I was pressured by circumstances. I did not know anyone because it was a new school for me and I had to build relations with teachers and classmates. I was new at my high school, so, I had to be over friendly with people, show teachers that I am a good student and the most important idea that I had to be very quiet and keep my mouth closed. I was quiet because I did not want people to think that I am a white crow. If I think about this situation I see that at least other students had a significance because they were not new at this school and stuff, and teachers – all already knew them and because of this fact my classmates had mor e benefits than I had. Teaches were more willing with help to other students more than help to me because, I believe, they had a prejudice about me and some sort of expectations. At that time at high school I had not been understanding that I almost became a chameleon forShow MoreRelatedThe Evil Of Imperialism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1023 Words   |  5 PagesShooting An Elephant In George Orwell’s narrative, â€Å"Shooting An Elephant,† Orwell recreates his experience as a soldier trying to end imperialism in the country of Burma by shooting an elephant. George Orwell recreates this experience of imperialism being evil through the use of literary devices. Orwell opens his essay by reflecting upon the evil of British imperialism before shooting the elephant. Orwell’s hatred for imperialism is exemplified when he mentions â€Å"was hated by large numbers of peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 1191 Words   |  5 Pagestwo hundred and fifty years and has experienced a civil war since World War II (DVB.no). In George Orwell’s essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† (SAE) he describes firsthand the effects of imperialism on the Burmese people and his disapproval of their actions. He established his disapproval of the Burmese with literary devices and his direct first-person narration. George Orwell deems his essay â€Å"Shooting an elephant† credible with instantly addressing the experiences of being a police officer. He presentedRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1154 Words   |  5 Pagesown beliefs or follow the rule of authority? Are we sheep’s who only do what we are told. Is that the same in Orwell’s case? John F Kennedy once said, â€Å"A man does what he must - in spite of personal consequences, in spite of obstacles and dangers and pressures - and that is the basis of all human morality.† Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell he touches base on morality which makes the reader question their beliefs. In Shooting an Elephant, George Orwell’s works as a sub-divisional police officerRead MoreShooting an Elephant by George Orwell Essay585 Words   |  3 PagesShooting an Elephant by George Orwell In his essay Shooting an Elephant, George Orwell explains how the controlling authorities in a hostile country are not controlling the countrys population but are in fact a mere tool of the populous. Orwells experience with the elephant provided the insight for his essay, and gives a clear example of the control the natives have over the authorities. The authorities in Lower Burma were there to police the state that their government controlled, butRead MoreGeorge Orwells Essay Showing Regret for Shooting an Elephant880 Words   |  4 PagesThis story is a representation of George Orwell’s perception of British imperialism around the world. It is a firsthand account of how imperialism affects both rulers and the oppressed using a short story. The author shows how imperialism is a prison to not only the Burmese, but also the British. The message can clearly be seen though Orwell’s regret in being forced to kill an elephant. The purpose of this essay is to explain Orwell’s true message of anti-imperialism using the nature of tyranny andRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 941 Words   |  4 Pages5 February 2015 Analysis Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   George Orwell’s  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Shooting an Elephant† is a story about the experience of the narrator who was asked to shoot a wild elephant. He was a police officer who worked for British imperialists and killing the elephant would help him receive good judgement from the villagers in Burma. Orwell says that imperialism is evil and should be eliminated while others think that it is good for the public. The purpose of Orwell’s story is to show the audience that imperialismRead MoreLiterary Analysis of â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† by George Orwell1152 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† George Orwell achieves two achievements : he shows us his personal experience and his expression while he was in Burma; he use the metaphor of the elephant to explain to describe what Burma looked like when it was under the British Imperialism. The special about this essay is that Orwell tells us a story not only to see the experience that he had in Burma ; he also perfectly uses the metaphor of the elephant to give us deep information about the Imperialism. By going throughRead MoreTrue Power in Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesactions but comes from the following one’s own beliefs without being influenced by others. This principle sets up the story for Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell. The protagonist, Orwell himself, is a sub divisional police officer in Burma, a British colony. Orwell must try to find and use his inner power when he is faced with the decision of whether or not to kill an elephant which has ravaged the Burman’s homes. The state of power established through the imperialistic backdrop show that Orwell, asRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 951 Words   |  4 Pagesto sway others gently into submission? He with the iron first, does not necessarily rule. In George Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting An Elephant,† the narrator clearly il lustrates that power, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder. He implicates that power is an illusion of the oppress, and instead held by the oppressed, which ultimately renders the holder impotent. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† is the story of Orwell’s experience as an officer of the Imperial British government during a stint in Burma. Orwell constructsRead MoreEssay about Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell1527 Words   |  7 PagesShooting an Elephant by George Orwell Few supervisors experience lack of respect and denunciation from workers because of their positions in a company. Supervisors take actions to preserve the image of authority before subordinates and from being ridiculed by their workers, even if the supervisors object these types of actions. The essay Shooting an Elephant relates to this situation. The author of this essay is George Orwell. The author talks about his work and personal experience that emphasizes

Impact of Abraham Lincoln - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 854 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Abraham Lincoln Essay Did you like this example? Abraham Lincoln is a very known individual that simply started off as a self-taught lawyer then worked his way up to be the United States sixteenth president. He was born on February 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. His schooling was very limited, and he also had to work to constantly support his family. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of Abraham Lincoln" essay for you Create order Later on in his life, he was able to move to Illinois and start teaching himself law. He earned himself the name Honest Abe in Springfield, Illinois working as a lawyer serving clients such as town individuals up to national railroad lines. Later of many years of territorial tractions, the election of an antislavery northerner as the 16th president of the United States drove many southerners angry and were not happy at all. By the time Lincoln was starting to take initiative as 16th United States president in March 1861, seven southern states had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. Florida was part of these seven states. After Lincoln ordered a fleet of Union ships to supply South Carolinas Fort in April, the Confederates fired on both the fort and the Union fleet. This was the beginning of the Civil War. Lincoln called for 500,000 more troops as both sides prepared for a long conflict. The two major issues during the civil war were slavery and state rights. The border states between the North and the South had the hardest time during the war. Two major battles and several smaller ones took place in Florida. The Union sent ships to occupy Floridas ports: St. Augustine, Jacksonville, Key West, and Pensacola. This block off left Floridians unable to participate in their usual sea trade. Florida was a major source of beef and salt for the Confederacy. Floridas beef became especially important after the Confederates lost control of the Mississippi River in 1864. With the flow of beef from Texas almost completely cut off, Floridas supply of cattle became a severe food source for the Confederate Army. An estimated amount of 15,000-16,000 Floridians fought in the war. Most were in the Confederacy, but roughly around 2,000 joined the Union army. Some Floridians didnt want to fight for either side, so they hid out in the woods and swamps to avoid being chosen. Almost 5,000 Floridian soldiers were killed during this war. Most of the Floridians fighting were men so it was up to the women, children, and slaves to keep the farms up and working. Money was very tight and most families had to grow their own food and make their own clothes. Clothing was collected to send to the troops and iron was collected to make swords, guns, and other armed goods. By 1863, the Confederate Army was in trouble. The bigger Union Army was reducing the Confederates numbers. President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves in the southern states. This made the Confederacy angry and so the war continued. Many freed slaves joined the Union Army and fought to defeat the south and free their family members who were still in bondage. There were two large battles that that took place in Florida and both were won by Confederate troops. Battles were fought in the North and the South, but most of them took place in the South. On February 20, 1864, the largest Civil War battle in Florida occurred near Lake City. It was called the Battle of Olustee. It was a victory for the Confederacy, but this battle did not help win the war. The war continued, but the Confederacy was becoming weaker and weaker and most of the southern capitals were being captured. Supply lines to the Confederate troops were cut off. On April 4, 1865, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. The war was officially over. Some battles continued for a short period of time, but, once word reached troops who were still fighting, the southern generals surrendered. Florida officially surrendered April 26, 1865. Union troops took over Tallahassee and immediately raised the United States flag. Once again, the states were united. On April 9 Union victory was near, and Lincoln gave a speech on the White House lawn on April 11, asking his audience to welcome the southern states back into the fold. Unfortunately, Lincoln did not live to help bring out his ideas of Reconstruction. On the night of April 14, the actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth went into the presidents box at Fords Theatre in Washington, D.C., and shot him in the back of the head. Lincoln was carried to a rooming house across the street from the theater, but he never recovered consciousness and died in the early morning on April 15, 1865. In many regards, Florida remains the forgotten state of the Confederacy. Although the third state to secede, Floridas small population and limited industrial resources made the state of little importance to either side. For years, differences between North and South over slavery and the federal governments right to regulate it had divided the country. Political leaders in Florida and throughout the South considered Lincolns election the breaking point. If slavery were to survive, the South would have to leave the Union.

Cost - 2905 Words

Each and every person has the potential and free choice to pursue a career as an entrepreneur. ANS: T PTS: 1 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking | Motivation Concepts KEY: pg 29 2. The generation of the 21st century may become known as generation E because they are becoming the most entrepreneurial generation since the Industrial Revolution. ANS: T PTS: 1 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking | Motivation Concepts KEY: pg 29 3. Determining a person’s â€Å"entrepreneurial perspective† is an exact science. ANS: F PTS: 1 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking | Motivation Concepts KEY: pg 29 4. Entrepreneurs are pessimists who see the cup half empty, rather than half full.†¦show more content†¦ANS: T PTS: 1 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking | Motivation Concepts KEY: pg 39 23. There are four causes of entrepreneurial stress. ANS: T PTS: 1 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking | Motivation Concepts KEY: pg 40 24. Immersion in business can be cured by limiting work to an eight hour day. ANS: F PTS: 1 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking | Motivation Concepts KEY: pg 41 25. The need to achieve can be a source of stress for entrepreneurs. ANS: T PTS: 1 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking | Motivation Concepts KEY: pg 40 26. Stress on the entrepreneur can be caused both internally and by other people. ANS: T PTS: 1 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking | Motivation Concepts KEY: pg 41 27. The entrepreneur is driven by a strong desire for control over their venture. ANS: T PTS: 1 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking | Motivation Concepts KEY: pg 42 28. The â€Å"dark side† of entrepreneurship refers to the stress that entrepreneur’s experience. ANS: F PTS: 1 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking | Motivation Concepts KEY: pg 38 29. Entrepreneurs always know that they as individuals must remain less important than the venture. ANS: F PTS: 1 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking | Motivation Concepts KEY: pg 44 30. Entrepreneurs like to remain alert to competition, customers, andShow MoreRelatedThe Cost Of Cost Costing934 Words   |  4 Pagestime, abridged, and after that designated to the greater part of the units delivered amid that time of time on a predictable premise. At the point when items are rather being produced on an individual premise, occupation costing is utilized to amass costs and appoint the expenses to items. At the point when a creation procedure contains a few mass assembling and some modified components, then a crossover costing framework is utilized. Cases of the businesses where this kind of creation happens incorporateRead MoreThe Cost Of Cost Management1086 Words   |  5 PagesSouthern University â€Æ' Introduction Cost management is worried with the way toward arranging and controlling the financial plan of a project or business. It incorporates activities, for example, arranging, evaluating, planning, financing, funding, overseeing, and controlling costs so that the project can be finished inside the affirmed spending plan. Cost management covers the full life cycle of a project from the underlying arranging stage towards measuring the genuine cost execution and project completionRead MoreCost Concepts Of Costs, And Traditional And Modern Theories Of Cost850 Words   |  4 PagesCost Theory: Introduction: The firm’s Costs determine its supply. Supply along with demand determines price. To under-stand the process of price determination and the forces behind supply, we must understand the nature of Costs. We study some important concepts of Costs, and traditional and modern theories of Cost. Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Cost concepts 3. The Cost Function 4. Cost-Output Relation 5. The Modern Theory of Costs 6. Economies of Scale and the LAC Curve 7. Elasticity of Cost 8.Read MoreThe Cost Of A Cost Driver Essay1295 Words   |  6 PagesA cost driver is an event associated with an activity that results in the consumption of a firm’s resources. In addition to are used to ascribe the costs of those activities to items generating the activities, e.g. products, customers and company’s infrastructure. It therefore allows a more accurate costing of overheads according to their actual usage ((Babad and Balachandran, 1993, Steve, Letza and Gadd, 1994). Cost drivers are identified that are appropriate for each cost pool and it consideredRead MoreCost Allocation And Cost Management1581 Words   |  7 PagesCost Allocation Almost every single company that is in business faces a serious problem called cost allocation. Every company no matter what they sell or what service they provide faces the problem of allocating costs to defined cost objects. The cost allocation process is a very hard process for most. Cost allocation is a very complex and difficult procedure that requires the application of appropriate accounting procedures. These accounting methods sometimes will not provide objective andRead MoreCost Accounting : Cost Audit Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesMEANING OF COST AUDIT Cost audit is basically the analysis of cost accounts and also checking on the efficiency of cost accounts and to ensure that these accounts are matching the predetermined cost accounting plans. It also determines the accuracy of the cost accounts. They also ensure that the accounts conform to the principles, plans, procedures and objectives. It shows the deviation in plans. It is also known as efficiency audit as it checks the efficiency of working of predetermined plans. ItRead MoreThe Cost Of Costs : Possible Cost Containment Strategies For U.s. 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Economic Integration in Latin America a Reality or a Mith Free Essays

Economic Integration in LATAM: A Reality or a Myth Oscar R. Martinez Latin American International Relations 19 March 2013 Integration for Latin American (LATAM) states has been an overarching approach when discussing foreign relations in the western hemisphere. Much of the literature proposed in this class proposes the intentions of LATAM states to integrate at different levels. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Integration in Latin America: a Reality or a Mith? or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, this paper will demonstrate that regional economic integration is formally happening. Yet, it remains weak and inconclusive. Internal bureaucracy and the lack of commitment to these integration efforts overshadow the intentions for economic integration. This paper will examine the different strategic options for economic integration in LATAM, the reason why LATAM states seek for economic integration and most importantly the factors impeding and weakening regional integration in the western hemisphere. This analysis is based on the historical evidence of LATAM states’ behavior and trading trends. To grasp the ongoing economic liberalization policies in LATAM, we must first understand viable strategic options of economic integration for LATAM states. After the Cold War, Latin America faced a prospect of marginalization. The distinctive economic disadvantages to compete in the world economics presented different strategic integration options that could provide the foundation for long-term development and growth. Peter H. Smith proposed four different economic integration options for Latin America at the beginning of the new millennium: unilateral liberalization, joining with the North, extra-hemispheric partnership, and regional integration. These strategic models accentuated the different available options LATAM states could consider in order to the meet political and economic agendas. The first strategic option available is the unilateral liberalization of economic programs to strengthen commercial and financial ties with major power centers. This option allows countries to center on export-led development were internal policies focuses on the diversification of products and partners and continually seek foreign investments from multiple sources. Chile is an example of using this lucrative option. Before Pinochet, Chile exercised protectionist trade policies that suffocated its trading opportunities throughout the globe. Pinochet’s economic reforms resembled this option advocating free trade and allowing Chile to develop commercial ties with Europe, Japan, and the United States without allowing dependence to any single trade partner. Chile has the most signed free trade agreements in South America. The second strategic option is joining economic grounds with the United States. This alternative seems beneficial for LATAM countries because it also integrates them with the world economy. LATAM states understand the current economic position of the United States and its interdependence in the global economy; this assertion could incentivize other countries to meet their economic ambitions at a global scale. Countries view this option as an opportunity to integrate with the strongest world’s economy, which will enable them to gain prestige and trading opportunities in the global market. Mexico has followed this option, mostly because of its geographic proximity to the United States, benefitting from the free access to the U. S. market—with NAFTA— and tormenting from its sole dependence. In 2011, nearly 80% of Mexico’s exports were tied to the United States. This can be referred as â€Å"putting most of your eggs in one basket. † Nevertheless, the Mexican economy has significantly grown since NAFTA. The third strategic options is seeking extra-hemispheric partnership. LATAM leaders have the option to develop economic ties with extra-hemispheric trading blocs such as the European Union and the Asian-Pacific Region. LATAM countries to offset the hegemonic position of the United States often use this option. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Peru, and Venezuela have made remarkable efforts in exercising this option in the past decade. Some countries and/or regional trading blocs see this as a feasible option due to the competition and intense bureaucratic limitations within their own region or subregion. Consequently, this option allows LATAM states to diversify their trading partnership. The fourth and final strategic option is the main focus for this paper. The regional/subregional economic integration option affirms self-reliance. This alternative provides a realistic approach in changing economic configurations of international power. Therefore, we must further examine this option and explain why LATAM insist on integrating their economies. Regional economic integration agreements depend on the motivation, form, coverage and content. It is often that the major actors set the agenda not only with the view of constructing and retaining power at that regional level but also to establish global precedents. According to Smith, â€Å"given the diversity of interests and economic structures, Latin American leaders have focused not only on continental unification but on subregional integration—projects for economic cooperation among groups of Latin American countries, rather than for the continent as a whole. † The level of interest in regional integration depends on what cost/benefit (political and economical) analysis in the countries involved. We can argue that Latin America is not homogeneous block, therefore, the different intentions and needs from each country drive regional economic integration at different scales. Nevertheless, LATAM countries insist in integrating their economies for more relevant factors. First, they wanted to keep their market open for trade (market liberalization). After the Cold War, developing countries in the region needed to increase their trade opportunities in order to level the economic blow caused by developed nations. Open markets increase economic development among partner countries and enhance interaction and cooperation between states and markets. Economic Integration is also a way to overcome the limitation of small domestic markets. Second, countries want to compete with other regional integration options. Countries that feel limited to an outside regional trading bloc will try to form its own to level the plain field. The Andean Pact (1989) was the first economic integration effort in the western hemisphere. Others followed immediately after this economic block was established: Central American Common Market (CACM—1990), Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR—1991), and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA—1993). LATAM countries were pressured to compete as a bloc instead as single element. Third, common norms and ideals spreading to the region encouraged economic integration between these countries. Former Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez led a common anti-US movement to contest different political and economic views. The Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA) formed by President Chavez intended a regional cooperation of many LATAM countries based on the idea of the social, political and economic integration. The Bolivarianism movement is an effort to balance against the Washington consensus and liberal markets sponsored by the US. These type economic integrations have more of a completion of economic, social and political ideals. Diana Tussie articulates, â€Å"Regionalism in Latin America is not just a single tidy entity but has given way to many coexisting and competing projects with fuzzy boundaries. † Regional integration provides a variety of incentives for LATAM countries, however, not everything is as easy as it seems. LATAM effort for regional integration started in 1960 with the Latin American Free trade association (LAFTA), however, this and other regional integration projects failed due to the internal and external factor that limited or impeded its success. Numerous internal and external factors impeding effective economic integration continue to weaken these regional efforts. Internal factors such as commodities-based economies and domestic policies influence the commitment and participation to these integration projects. External factors such other attractive international options also weakens the regional economic integration. Regional integration is constantly threatened by these factors and it is more evident in Latin America. Despite of the formal integration, the effectiveness of these regional institutions is directly affected by domestic elements. The first internal factor affecting this regional integration endeavors is the number of commodities-based economies. The commodities for countries are not complimentary with each other. Competition for the open trade in the global market becomes fiercely competitive. Countries will ignore treaties to gain competitive advantage. The â€Å"commodity lottery† or the random allocation of natural resources endowments seems to be an influential factor when deciding trading partners. For example, Brazil and Argentina are both members of MERCOSUR, but both are competing for the right to export their agricultural and energy products outside the region. Tussie reveals this issue by stating that â€Å"regional institutions remain feeble, honoured more in spirit than in letter, and intra-regional relations are frayed with competing development projects. † The second internal factor is domestic policies. This factor impeding the effective economic integration is broken in two different elements: changes in regime and bureaucratic domestic pressures. The constant changes of political regimes affect the stability of a regional institution. Establishments of new political reforms will directly affect economic ambitions set in treaties by previous regimes. An example of General Pinochet economic reform in Chile has isolated its regional neighbors. The drastic withdrawal of Chile from the Andean Pact and the sway of neo-liberalism generated major economic crises, antagonism to region-wide industrial planning, and a backlog of non-compliance decisions in the region. Hugo Chavez in Venezuela has also stirred the pot on the new endeavors for MERCOSUR, making this trading bloc more of a political instrument rather than an economic integration system. Other domestic pressures come from the legislative institutions blocking and making these trading initiatives almost impossible to achieve. The bureaucratic process to ratify new or change current treaties—in particular Free Trade Agreements—seems to discourage any further economic integrations. Countries such as Colombia, Chile, Costa Rica would rather sign unilateral treaties than entering into a regional bloc. The final factor affecting the economic integration in Latin America is the recognition of a more attractive option outside their region to integrate their economies. Research shows that less than 28 percent of the overall trade in in Latin America is intra-regional. This means that economic institutions in Latin America do not take advantage or effectively use their regional partners for trade. For most of the LATAM countries, their top five trading partners include the United States, China, and the European Union. Again, the â€Å"commodity lottery† plays a huge role in the influence of why these countries prefer other international states for economic integration. The United States is the most important trading partner for most of the LATAM countries. The economies of many of these LATAM countries depend on the import and export with the United States. Their economic dependence influences some regional decisions. Nevertheless, these economic decisions could be used to balance against the United State, even though; this could also hurt their own economy. For example, Venezuela’s largest trading partner is the United States. Yet, Venezuela’s domestic and regional economic policies continue to challenge those economic practices it depends the most on. Another huge external factor is the emergence of China and its economic influence in Latin America. LATAM countries see China as a potential alternative from the northern hegemony. Also, China’s manufacturing industry is highly competitive from those in Latin America. Many countries would prefer cheaper Chinese manufactured good than a more expensive one from their regional partners. China indeed affected the regional integration in Latin America. As expressed by Tussie, referring to regional economic institutions, â€Å"it has as an ‘epic’ status as a preferred tool for promoting social rather than mere market goals. † Historically, regional integration has always been part of the LATAM culture. Whether for political or economic gains, the effort to form these institutions is relevant and somehow too optimistic. This paper displays different economic options LATAM states have in regards to economic integration. It also defines regional or subregional integration and lists some of the reasons why LATAM states insist in regional integration. Finally, the evidence and examples shown of the internal and external factors that impede and/or weaken regional integration support the following conclusion. A pragmatic approach in the economic and trading decisions seem to dominate the foreign policies of most LATAM countries, affecting the strength, legitimacy, and relevance of these formal regional institutions. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. Peter H. Smith, â€Å"Strategic Options for Latin America,† Latin America in the New World System, in Latin America in the New International System, ed. Joseph Tulchin and Ralph Espach (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2001), 38. [ 2 ]. Ibid. , 35-36. [ 3 ]. Ibid. ,3 9. [ 4 ]. Ibid. , 39-41. [ 5 ]. â€Å"US Relations with Mexico,† Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, US Department of State, accessed on March 15, 2013, http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35749. htm. [ 6 ]. Smith, â€Å"Strategic Options Latin America,† 46-53. [ 7 ]. Diana Tussie, â€Å"Latin America: Contrasting Motivations for Regional Projects,† Review of International Studies 35, S1 (2009), 169-188, doi:10. 1017/S026021050900847X. [ 8 ]. Smith, â€Å"Strategic Options Latin America,† 46. [ 9 ]. Tussie, â€Å"Contrasting Motivations Regional,† 170. [ 10 ]. Ibid. [ 11 ]. Francisco E. Gonzalez, â€Å"Latin America in the Economic Equation—Winners and Losers: What can losers do? † in China’s Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin American and the United States, ed. Riordan Roett and Guadalupe Paz (Washington, D. C. :Brookings Institution Press, 2008), 151. [ 12 ]. Tussie, â€Å"Contrasting Motivations Regional,† 170. [ 13 ]. Ibid. , 174. [ 14 ]. â€Å"International Trade and Market Access Data,† World Trade Organization website, accessed on March 3, 2013, http://webservices. wto. org/resources/profiles/MT/TO/2011/WLD_e. pdf. [ 15 ]. â€Å"International Trade and Market Access Data,† World Trade Organization website, accessed on March 3, 2013, http://www. wto. org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_bis_e. htm? solution=WTOpath=/Dashboards/MAPSfile= Map. wcdfbookmarkState={%22impl%22:%22client%22,%22params%22:{%22langParam%22:%22en%22}}. [ 16 ]. Tussie, â€Å"Contrasting Motivations Regional,† 176. How to cite Economic Integration in Latin America: a Reality or a Mith?, Essay examples

Intriguing Scenarios of Clinical Reasoning

Question: Discuss about the Intriguing Scenarios of Clinical Reasoning. Answer: Introduction Clinically, Mrs. Amaris case presents one of the most intriguing scenarios of clinical reasoning. The case exposes faulty approaches by the medical staff in the diagnoses and treatment of the patient. In diagnosing this case, there is the need to collect facts from the patient situation; this includes her age, her social life, her lifestyle, and medical conditions. The nurses also ought to have collected cues from Mrs. Amaris conditions, process the information, and analyze it, before identifying the problems, and taking actions. Arguably, the nurses in charge did not do comprehensive evaluation of available options when dealing with Mrs. Amaris case. Patient Situation Cognitive perception of nurses is a key determinant of patient outcome and the foundation to correct treatment. Usually, nurses allow their judgment to be clouded by attitudes and hasty conclusions creating a deficiency in critical thinking that results in failure to notice vital warning signs in patients' (Ericsson, Whyte Ward, (2007). Mrs. Amari, a 59-year-old woman, was admitted to a hospital and diagnosed with a minor stroke on physical assessment which later gained the status of the Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) since a subsequent check-up told of the disappearance of the symptoms. A TAI is not a heart attack nor can it be defined as a cerebral vascular accident; a TAI is caused by an unusual disruption of the blood supply to the brain due to presence of a blood clot, plaque or damaged arteries as a result of hypertension. Collecting Cues A TIA is a form of stroke that is minor and subsides within a period of 24 hours a cerebral vascular accident, however, lasts longer and is riskier. When blood supply to the brain is disrupted, the blood components like oxygen and nutrients which are essential for the functioning of the brain are inhibited from reaching the brain. The brain cells, therefore, start to die, terminating the transmission of certain nerve impulses to parts of the body. This termination leads to paralysis and numbness of the affected areas which are usually on either the right or left part of the body depending on which part of the brain is affected by the blood disruption. Further blockage of the arteries serving the brain with blood may cause adverse effects or permanent stroke NSW Health (2006). For the TAI the blood supply usually resumes, and the symptoms subside. Mrs. Amari being an elderly woman inflicted an ascertainment bias among the nurses who immediately associated her symptoms with stroke since the condition gets common with advancing age; this prevented them from realizing the bigger picture. According to Darmani (2010), ascertainment bias is said to be the lack of clinical reasoning by nurses due to assumptions based on age, stigma and stereotyping. Due to the prior ascertainment, there were no background checks on the patient's history of medical assessment or analysis of previous patient charts. Instead, the nurses went ahead to gather new information basing their evaluation on the detection of signs associated with stroke. Their diagnosis followed the procedure of the stroke diagnosis that involves blood tests, computed tomography, MRI but failed to carry out a CAT scan which presents any bleeding in the brain. Coincidentally some of the signs and symptoms of a stroke were present and so once more there was a confirmation bias that led to a tilted processing and interpretation of patient information. According to Warren (2011), some of the signs and symptoms of a typical TAI that a patient should possess include: having a weak, numb and paralyzed experience of the face, limbs or arms, delayed speech, and poor comprehensive ability, dizziness, blurred vision, headache and difficulty in swallowing. Out of all these symptoms, the conclusion was that she was having a minor stroke due to the numbness of the right arm and the slurring speech. What the nurses failed to see was that there were other symptoms indicating signs of a more complicated complication which may have led to the damage of the arteries in the brain causing the minor stroke signs. All the other symptoms were overlooked. According to Lasater (2007), this is a conformational bias and is described as when a nurse looks for evidence to support prior conclusions without considering the opposing signs. (Ericsson, Whyte, and Ward, 2007) state the slurred speech and paralysis as the main misguiding factors in the diagnosis o f a patient that may lead to the conclusion that the patient is suffering from a stroke which may not be the case. Process Information In the current situation, it is clear that Mrs. Mari was a victim of biased clinical reasoning that led to wrong treatment and thus the worsened condition. The physical assessment shows she has progressed from stage one hypertension to stage two. Her respiratory rates are normal, and her GCS shows signs of moderate brain damage where she can only open her eyes to voices. She can respond to pain but has a clear vision, the blood glucose levels, and the temperature is stable and normal, it is essential to acquire the patient background knowledge on the history of assessments and health records (Malinina, Zema, Sander Serebruany, 2007). From the previous evaluation and which was correct, there is the presence of a carotid bruit which indicates signs of a narrowed artery. According to Cox (2008), a carotid bruit is a sound occurring in the neck area which is detected by a stethoscope and which indicates signs of narrow artery lumen. Then the next step will be the new diagnosis, the firs t alarming sign is hypertension, and so we need to perform ambulatory blood pressure check accompanied by a lipid test to determine if she has high cholesterol levels. There after we need to repeat the MRI and CT scan this time being objective and being on the lookout for any danger signs in the brain. From the findings, Mrs. Amari is suffering from the condition of high blood pressure which has originated from a condition known as hypercholesterolemia which is the presence of too much cholesterol build up (Tarner, 2006).This is a cause for alarm as the cholesterol build up exists in the arteries, and this has led to the narrowing down of the arteries transporting the blood from the heart. As a result, the cholesterol on the walls of the arteries have led to the hardening of the walls, and this is causing the heart to pump harder which may occur at her age cause heart failure or a heart attack (Groopman, 2008). According to Qureshi, Clarke Rudd (2012), the heart pumps harder and as the arteries narrow down the blood pressure goes up, and this is causing plaques in the brain that may lead to frequent TAIs due to disruption of blood supply, this explains the numbness and slurred speech. If the plaques continue to add, there may occur permanent brain damage or permanent stroke (Tarne r, 2006). Infer Medication; therefore, needs to start right away to reduce the cholesterol so as to reduce the risks associated with hypertension and cholesterol levels. To improve her condition, Mrs. Amari needs to improve her lifestyle regarding eating a balanced diet and exercising more, reducing her salt intake and living a stress-free life, Apart from that she will receive drugs to lower her blood pressure, reduce her cholesterol and eliminate the blood clots and plaques. However, it will be impossible to fully remove all the cholesterol in the arteries and also regain the shape of the lumens. The measures if implemented correctly will reduce the risk factors. The brain functioning of Mrs. Mari was altered, and this was assessed by the CAT scan and the MRI performed. Due to the change in the neurology of Mrs. Amari, it is important that she emphasizes on dietary change and management of stress. Her condition creates a risk of brain damage, and so it is necessary also to supplement her with pres criptions of supplements and vitamins to boost her brain activity. References Cox, Bev,B.Sc, R.G.N. 2008, "Stroke and transient ischaemic attack",Practice Nurse,vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 43-48. Darmani, N.A. 2010. "Cannabinoid-Induced Hyperemesis: A Conundrum From Clinical Recognition to Basic Science Mechanisms." Pharmaceuticals, vol.3. no.7.pp 2163-2177. Ericsson, K., Whyte, A. and Ward. J. 2007. "Expert performance in nursing: reviewing research on expertise in nursing within the framework of the expert-performance approach." Advances in Nursing Science. vol 30. no.1.pp 58-71. Groopman, J. (2008). How Doctors Think. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Lasater, K. 2007. High-fidelity simulation and the development of clinical judgment: students' experiences. Journal of Nursing Education. vol.46.no. 6. pp 269-276. Malinina, D., Zema, C., Sander, S. Serebruany, V. 2007, "Cost-effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention",Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Research,vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 357-63. NSW Health, 2006. Patient Safety and Clinical Quality Program: Third report on incident management in the NSW Public Health System 2005-2006. NSW Department of Health. Sydney. Qureshi, S., Clarke, A. Rudd, A. 2012, "Transient ischaemic attack",GP,, pp. 27-29. Tanner, C. 2006. "Thinking like a nurse: A research-based model of clinical judgment in nursing." Journal of Nursing Education, vol.45. no.6.pp 204-211 Warren, Ed,F.R.C.G.P., G.P. 2011, "A QOF perspective on... stroke and transient ischaemic attack",Practice Nurse,vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 19-22.